Entomology Department

Report on research activities 1996-98 supported by grants from the Danish Natural Science Research Council

(DNSRC Grant No. 9502155)

Entomology - Biodiversity and Phylogeny of Terrestrial Arthropods

 

The research group and holders of DNSRC-grants

All associated with the Entomology Department, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (initials used for reference below).

Nils Møller Andersen. Docent, Dr.scient. Project leader (NMA).

Henrik Enghoff. Professor, Dr.scient. (HE).

Michael Hansen. Lektor, Dr.scient. (MH).

Niels Peder Kristensen. Professor, Dr.scient. (NPK).

Verner Michelsen. Research Associate, Ph.D. Editor of Entomologica Scandinavica and Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. (VM).

Nikolaj Scharff. Lektor, Ph.D. (NS).

 

Summary of original objectives for research

In general, to perform original research of high, international standard and make significant contributions to the scientific knowledge and understanding of the biodiversity and phylogeny of terrestrial arthropods. This research falls within the following subdisciplines/ methodological spheres:

Phylogenetic analysis of selected groups using the methods of phylogenetic systematics (cladistics).

Comparative morphological studies using a broader spectrum of characters than is commonplace in current arthropod systematics.

Molecular systematics. Comparisons and integration between phylogenies based upon molecular and morphological data sets.

Ecological phylogenetics, i.e., integration of ecological and behavioural information with reconstructed phylogenies.

Historical biogeographical studies of selected groups and the geographical areas they inhabit.

Biodiversity studies, incl. analyses of species numbers and patterns of species richness of terrestrial arthropods, globally as well as in selected geographical areas.

 

Grants received from DNSRC 1996-98: Total 2,768,000 DKK.

(Including Ph.D.-grant: 929,333 DKK and Leica Image Processing equipment: 448,626 DKK).

 

Summary of scientific activities and results 1996-98

(Numbers in square brackets [] refer to the attached list of scientific publications, 1996-98).

 The ZMUC-ED research group has acquired a broad theoretical and methodological expertise in reconstructing the genealogical relationships between organisms on basis of the characters of extant forms (phylogenetic systematics or cladistics). The DNSRC-grant has enabled us to acquire a Leica Image Processing equipment which has been extensively used for documentation of morphological structures and whole insects. We have also been able to upgrade the IT-equipment (both PC's and MacIntosh computers) necessary to use the newest computer-programs developed for phylogenetic reconstruction, biogeographical analysis, and species-richness estimations (especially the programs Hennig86, NONA/PeeWee, PAUP, MacClade, EstimateS, and COMPONENT), in particular on large data sets.

Results based upon the use of cladistic methods - manual or computerized - have been published concerning the following groups: orb-web spiders [84, 86], semiaquatic Heteroptera [14], several groups of moths [57, 62-68], staphyliniform beetles [45], dipterous insects [77], hexapods [59], endopterygote insect orders [76], and the animal kingdom [82]. In some cases molecular data (DNA-sequences, allozymes) have been used to test the robustness of morphological hypotheses [10, 24, 25]. Information about fossil taxa has been used to calibrate phylogenies based upon extant taxa [11, 15, 18, 78]. The theoretical and methodological aspects of systematics and biogeography have been addressed [1, 16, 30, 36, 78, 81] and the expertise acquired has been shared with Ph.D. students and postdoc fellows at the Zoological Museum and Institute, University of Copenhagen, and other biological institutes in Denmark.

Between them, members of the entomological group have taxonomic-morphological expertise on most of the higher taxa of terrestrial arthropods. This broad taxonomic coverage is in accordance with the organization of research groups in leading comparable institutions worldwide. Each member of the group has cooperated with taxonomists working on the same arthropod group [7, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 35, 37, 43, 49, 63, 66-68, 70, 71, 82, 84, 86], as well as with biologists studying the same organisms from other points of view, e.g., morphology, molecular systematics, ecology, and behavior [10, 11, 24, 25, 33, 34, 73, 81].

It is a particular strength that the research group has expertise with respect to phylogenetic relationships on higher taxonomic levels [23, 45-47, 56, 57, 59, 72, 76, 77, 82, 84, 86], an expertise that is much in demand internationally because it provides the basis for other types of research. One member of the group (NPK) has devoted much time to editing the "Handbook of Zoology"-treatment of the order Lepidoptera (two volumes) [60-68, 75]. Comparative morphological studies have been conducted when relevant to phylogenetic studies [27, 73-75, 79, 83, 84]. Another member (HE) has edited the proceedings volume for the Tenth International Congress of Myriapodology, Copenhagen 1996 [31] (publication supported by DNSRC-grant 9503695).

Basic taxonomic studies, global revisions, catalogues, and regional surveys of faunas have been published by members of the research group in millipedes [e.g., 29, 34, 37, 38], spiders [83, 87], semiaquatic Heteroptera [4, 6, 7, 17, 20-23], Lepidoptera [57, 69-72], Coleoptera [39, 41-44, 47-56], and anthomyiid Diptera [80, 82]. Global as well as regional patterns of distribution and the historical biogeography of selected groups of arthropods have been analyzed and discussed, using a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches [2, 12, 19, 28, 69]. This includes a large-scale study of relationships between the main divisions of the Holarctic region, as illustrated by non-marine animals, especially arthropods [26].

Finally, the field of integrating biological and ecological data with phylogenetic information (ecological phylogenetics) has been explored by members of the group through studies of the evolution of flightlessness and wing polymorphism in insects [8], sexual dimorphism and mating strategies in water striders [3, 9], evolutionary trends in staphyliniform beetles [46], phylogeny and ecological scenario of the Trichoptera + Lepidoptera [58], and the evolution of dwarf male spiders [85].

 

Ph.D.-project supported by the DNSRC-grant:

Jakob Damgaard. Project title: Molecular systematics and genetic structure of water striders (Hemiptera, Gerridae). Supervisors: NMA and Bo Vest Petersen, Zoological Institute, University of Copenhagen. The project was initiated on July 1st, 1996 and will be completed on June 30, 1999. So far, JD has sequenced the COI mtDNA and EF1-alpha nDNA genes for >200 specimens representing c. 70 species and performed cladistic analyses using the computer programs MacClade and PAUP*. Part of this work was carried out in Felix Sperling's laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, USA, Januar-June 1998.

Other Ph.D.-projects supervised by members of the ZMUC-ED group:

Per de Place Bjørn. Project title: Biogeography of Afromontane Spiders (NS).

Line Sørensen. Project title: Biodiversity in Space: A three-dimensional comparison of spider faunas in East African mountain forests (HE, NS).

Lars Vilhelmsen. Project title: Ground plan and basal diversification of Hymenoptera (NPK).

 

Organization and participation in international congresses and symposia

 International Symposium on the Relationships of Major Arthropod Groups, London, 17-19 April 1996. Invited presentation: NPK (1).

Tests Phylogénétiques de scenarios évolutifs, Paris 3-4 June 1996. Invited presentations: NMA (1), NPK (1).

X International Congress of Myriapodology, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, 29 July-2 August 1996. The congress was hosted by the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (chairman: HE) and was attended by 70 full members, representing 28 countries in all inhabited continents. Five scientists of high international standard were invited to present talks (with financial support from DNSRC, Grant no. 9503694). A total of 45 talks and 16 posters were presented.

XX International Congress of Entomology, Firenze, Italy, 25-31 August 1996 (NMA, MH, NPK, VM). Symposium organizers: NMA (Ecology, evolution and systematics of aquatic and semiaquatic bugs), NPK (The descent of insects) and VM (Higher level phylogeny of the Diptera: morphological and molecular evidence). Invited presentations: NMA (3), MH (1), NPK (2), VM (1).

International Congress of Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, Budapest, Hungary, 17-24 August 1996 (HE).

XI European Congress of Lepidopterology, Malle, Belgium, 22-26 March 1998. Section Organizer (Systematics & Phylogeny) + invited presentation: NPK (1).

XIV International Congress of Arachnology, Chicago, USA, 27 June-3 July 1998 (NS). Invited presentation: NS (1).

VI European Congress of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, 23-29 August 1998. Invited plenary lecture: NPK.

IV International Congress of Dipterology, Oxford, UK, 6-13 Sept. 1998 (VM). Invited presentation: VM (1).

European Science Foundation Workshop on Fossil Insects, Göttingen, Germany, 21-22 Sept. 1998. Invited presentations: NMA (1), NPK (1).

XVII Meeting of the Willi Hennig Society, Sao Paulo, Brasil, 21-24 Sept. 1998 (HE).

 

Expeditions, research visits to museums and institutions, etc.:

Tanzania, field work,(in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA and University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), 4 weeks in May-June 1997 (NS).

National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA, 10 days in January-February 1997 (NS).

Northern Spain, field work, June 1997 (VM)

Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia, Nov.-Dec. 1997 (NMA).

Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Mar.-Apr. 1998, USA (NMA).

Southern Greece, field work, May 1998 (VM).

 

Shorter visits to following institutions:

Zoological Reference Collection, University of Singapore (NMA); Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, USA (NMA); Naturhistorische Museum, Wien, Austria (MH); Naturhistoriske Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden (NS); George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA (NS); Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (NS).

 

Visiting scientists

Kubra Bano, University of Bangalore, India, one week (HE); Rolf Beutel, Germany, one week (MH); Dennis Brothers, Univ. of Natal, South Africa (NPK); Lanna Cheng, Scripps Oceanographical Inst., La Jolla (NMA); Jonathan Coddington, Washington, D.C., three weeks (NS); Markus Engwall, Stockholm (NPK); George Gibbs, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria Univ., Wellington, 1.5 months (NPK); Gustavo Hormiga, Washington, D.C., one week (NS); Klaus-Dieter Klass, Univ. Munich, Germany, six months (NPK); Ebbe S. Nielsen, Canberra, one week (NPK); Alexi Popov, Nat. Mus. Nat. Hist., Sofia, one month (NPK); Jes Rust, Göttingen, one week (NMA); Felix Sperling, Univ. California, Berkeley, two weeks (NMA); Robin Wootton, Univ. Exeter, U.K., one week (NPK).

 

 

  1. Andersen, N.M., H. Enghoff & Seberg, O. 1996. Introduktion til fylogenetisk systematik (kladistik) og kladistisk biogeografi [Introduction to phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) and cladistic biogeography]. Pp. 1-12 in Palæogeografi, Biogeografi og Fylogeni. Symposium på Geologisk Museum, 26 og 27 april 1996. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelser. Rapport 1996/29.
  2. Andersen, N.M., 1996a. Havtægernes (Halobates) evolution og historiske biogeografi [Evolution and historical biogeography of sea skaters, Halobates]. Pp. 1-4 in Palæogeografi, Biogeografi og Fylogeni. Symposium på Geologisk Museum, 26 og 27 april 1996. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelser. Rapport 1996/29.
  3. Andersen, N.M., 1996b. Ecological phylogenetics of mating systems and sexual dimorphism in water striders (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Vie et Milieu / Life and Environment, 46: 103-114.
  4. Andersen, N.M., 1996c. Heteroptera Gerromorpha, semiaquatic bugs. Pp. 77-90 in Nilsson, A. (ed.) Aquatic Insects of Northwest Europe. Apollo Books.
  5. Andersen, N.M. & Andersen, S. 1996. Kæmpemyrer og andre danekræ fra Limfjordens askeserie. Studiet af en uddød insektfauna fra Danmarks Palæogen [Giant ants and other "danekræ" from the ash series of the Limfjord. The study of an extinct insect fauna from the Paleogene of Denmark]. Naturens Verden 1996 (11/12): 417-432.
  6. Damgaard, J. & Andersen, N.M. 1996. Distribution, phenology, and conservation status of the larger water striders in Denmark. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 64: 289-306.
  7. Andersen, N.M. & Weir, T.A. 1997. The gerrine water striders of Australia (Hemiptera: Gerridae): taxonomy, distribution, and ecology. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 11: 203-299.
  8. Andersen, N.M., 1997a. Phylogenetic tests of evolutionary scenarios: the evolution of flightlessness and wing polymorphism in insects. Pp 91-108 in Grandcolas, P. (ed.), The Origin of Biodiversity in Insects: Phylogenetic Tests of Evolutionary Scenarios. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 173.
  9. Andersen, N.M., 1997b. A phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of sexual dimorphism and mating systems in water striders (Hemiptera, Gerridae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 61: 345-368.
  10. Sperling, F.A.H, Spence, J.R. & Andersen, N.M. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA, allozymes, morphology and hybrid compatibility in Limnoporus water striders (Heteroptera: Gerridae): do they all track species phylogenies? Molecular Biology and Evolution. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 90: 401-415.
  11. Andersen, N.M. & Poinar, G.O. Jr. 1998. A marine water strider (Hemiptera, Veliidae) from Dominican amber. Entomologica Scandinavica 29: 1-9.
  12. Andersen, N.M. 1998. Marine water striders (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) of the Indo-Pacific: cladistic biogeography and Cenozoic palaeogeography. Pp. 341-354 in R. Hall & J.D. Holloway (eds), Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Amsterdam.
  13. Andersen, N.M. & Weir, T.A. (in press). Australian water striders belonging to the subfamilies Rhagadotarsinae and Trepobatinae (Hemiptera, Gerridae). Invertebrate Taxonomy.
  14. Andersen, N.M. (in press). Notes on the genus Eotrechus Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Gerridae), with a cladistic analysis and a new species from China. Steenstrupia.
  15. Rust, J. & N.M. Andersen (in press). Giant ants from the Upper Paleocene of Denmark (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
  16. Andersen, N.M. (in press). Quantitative cladistics and the reconciliation of morphological and molecular systematics. In M. Schmitt (ed.), Phylogenetik und Moleküle. Proceedings of the 37. Phylogenetische Symposium, Bonn. Edition Archaea, Bonn.
  17. Andersen, N.M. & Weir, T.A. (in press). The marine Haloveliinae (Hemiptera: Veliidae) of Australia, New Caledonia, and southern New Guinea. Invertebrate Taxonomy.
  18. Andersen, N.M. (in press). Water striders from the Paleogene of Denmark with a review of the fossil record and evolution of semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Biologiske Skrifter 50.
  19. Andersen, N.M. (in press). The evolution of marine insects: phylogenetic and geographical aspects of species diversity in marine water striders. Ecography.
  20. Andersen, N.M. (submitted). Cryptovelia stysi sp.nov. from Borneo with a reanalysis of the phylogeny of the Mesoveliidae (Heteroptera, Gerromorpha). Acta Societas Zoologicae Bohemicae.
  21. Andersen, N.M. & Weir, T.A. (submitted). The coral treaders, Hermatobates Carpenter (Hemiptera, Hermatobatidae), of Australia and New Caledonia, with notes on biology and ecology. Invertebrate Taxonomy.
  22. Andersen, N.M. (in prep). The marine Haloveliinae (Hemiptera, Veliidae) of Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, with five new species of Xenobates Esaki.
  23. Andersen, N.M. & Weir (in prep.). Five new genera of Microveliinae (Hemiptera: Veliidae) from Australia.
  24. Damgaard, J., Cheng, L., Sperling, F.A.H. & Andersen, N.M., (in prep.). Evolution and phylogeography of ocean skaters (Halobates) based on variation in mitochondrial DNA.
  25. Andersen, N.M., Damgaard, J., Cheng, L. & Sperling, F.A.H. (in prep.). Phylogeny of sea skaters, Halobates (Hemiptera, Gerridae), based on molecular and morphological characters.

    26.  

    HENRIK ENGHOFF
  26. Enghoff, H. 1996a. Biogeografiske relationer mellem den nordlige halvkugles landmasser belyst ved nulevende dyrs fylogeni [Biogeographical relationships among the landmasses of the northern hemisphere inferred from the phylogeny of extant animals]. Pp. 1-3 in: Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 1996/29. GEUS.
  27. Enghoff, H. 1996b. The penis as a phylogenetic character in the millipede family Julidae. Mém. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. Paris. 169: 313-326.
  28. Enghoff, H. 1996c. Historical biogeography of the Holarctic: area relationships, ancestral areas, and dispersal of non-marine animals. Cladistics 11 [1995]: 223-263.
  29. Enghoff, H. 1996d. Millipedes (Diplopoda) from the eastern slopes of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana N.S. 85: 90-92.
  30. Enghoff, H. 1997a. Widespread taxa, sympatry, dispersal, and an algorithm for resolved area cladograms. Cladistics 12 [1996]: 349-364.
  31. Enghoff, H. 1997b (ed.). Many-legged animals - a collection of papers on Myriapoda and Onychophora. Ent. scand. Suppl. 51: 1-329.
  32. Enghoff, H. 1997c. Introduction: Myriapods and myriapodology. Pp. 5-6 in [121].
  33. Adis, J., Adis, G., Caoduro, B., Messner, B. & Enghoff, H. 1997. On the semiaquatic behaviour of a new troglobitic millipede from northern Italy (Polydesmidae, Diplopoda). pages 301-306 in [121].
  34. Enghoff, H., G. Caoduro, J. Adis & Messner, B. 1997. A new, cavernicolous, semiaquatic species of Serradium (Diplopoda: Polydesmidae) and its terrestrial, sympatric congener. With notes on the genus Serradium. Zool. Scr. 26: 279-290.
  35. Alderweireldt, M. & Enghoff, H. 1998. A review of the genus Morocus Hoffman, 1990, with two new species from the Ivory Coast (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Oxydesmidae). Ent. scand. 29: 233-239.
  36. Enghoff. H. (in press). Widespread taxa and COMPONENT 2.0. Cladistics.
  37. Enghoff, H. & Vicente, M.C. (submitted). Millipedes of the Balearic Islands, including revision of the species described by L. Koch in 1881 (Diplopoda). Steenstrupia.
  38. Vicente, M.V. & Enghoff, H. (in prep.). The millipedes of the Canary Islands.

    39.  

    MICHAEL HANSEN 

  39. Hansen, M. 1996a. Katalog over Danmarks biller. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Denmark. Entomologiske Meddelelser 64: 1-231.
  40. Hansen, M. 1996b. Case 2925. Crenitis Bedel, 1881, Georissus Latreille, 1809 and Oosternum Sharp, 1882 (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed conservation. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature 53: 99-103.
  41. Hansen, M., Mahler, V., Palm, E. & Pedersen, J. 1996. 15. tillæg til "Fortegnelse over Danmarks biller" (Coleoptera). [15th supplement to the list of Danish Coleoptera]. Entomologiske Meddelelser 64: 233-272.
  42. Hansen, M. 1996c. Coleoptera Hydrophiloidea and Hydraenidae, Water Scavenger Beetles. Pp 173-194 in Nilsson, A.N. (ed.): Aquatic Insects of North Europe. A Taxonomic Handbook. Vol. 1. 274 pp. Apollo Books, Stenstrup.
  43. Hansen, M. & Schödl, S. 1997. Description of Hydrophilomima gen.n. from Southeast Asia (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau 67: 187-194.
  44. Hansen, M., Jørum, P., Palm, E. & Pedersen, J. 1997. Fund af biller i Danmark, 1996 (Coleoptera). [Records of beetles from Denmark 1996 (Coleoptera)]. Entomologiske Meddelelser 65: 119-148.
  45. Hansen, M. 1997a. Phylogeny and classification of the staphyliniform beetle families (Coleoptera). Biologiske Skrifter, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 48: 1-339.
  46. Hansen, M. 1997b. Evolutionary trends in "staphyliniform" beetles (Coleoptera). Steenstrupia 23: 43-86. (Preprint with Danish summary and separate pagination: Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, 52 pp.)
  47. Hansen, M. 1997c. A new subfamily for a remarkable new genus and species of Hydrophilidae from New Guinea (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Annales Zoologici 47: 107-110.
  48. Hansen, M. 1997d. Synopsis of the endemic New Zealand genera of the beetle subfamily Sphaeridiinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 24: 351-370.
  49. Hansen, M. & Richardson, B.A. 1998. A new species of Omicrus Sharp (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) from Puerto Rico and its larva, the first known larva of Omicrini. Systematic Entomology 23: 1-8.
  50. Hansen, M. 1998a. Agonum duftschmidi Schmidt og A. hypocrita (Apfelbeck) - to nye danske løbebiller af Agonum viduum-gruppen (Coleoptera: Carabidae). [Agonum duftschmidi Schmidt and A. hypocrita (Apfelbeck) - two new Danish ground beetles of the Agonum viduum-group (Coleoptera: Carabidae)]. Entomologiske Meddelelser 66: 21-30.
  51. Hansen, M. 1998b. The status of Kiransus Makhan, 1994, with the description of three new species of Hydrochus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera, Hydrochidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 29: 223-232.
  52. Hansen, M., Palm, E., Pedersen, J. & Runge, J. 1998. Fund af biller i Danmark, 1997 (Coleoptera). [Records of beetles from Denmark 1997]. Entomologiske Meddelelser 66: 65-93.
  53. Hansen, M. (in press). "Oeneis" nigritulus and flavescens Motschulsky, 1866: The first described omicrine hydrophilids (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Coccinellidae). Entomologische Blätter.
  54. Hansen, M. & Martin, O. (submitted). The type material of Coleoptera described by J. C. Schiödte. Steenstrupia.
  55. Hansen, M. (in prep.). Catalogue of the Hydraenidae (Coleoptera) of the World.
  56. Hansen, M. (in prep.). New genera of Hydrophilidae.

    57.  

    NIELS PEDER KRISTENSEN
  57. Nielsen, E.S. & Kristensen, N.P. 1996. The Australian moth family Lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the Lepidoptera-Glossata. Invertebrate Taxonomy 10: 1199-1302.
  58. Kristensen, N.P. 1997a. Early evolution of the Trichoptera + Lepidoptera lineage: phylogeny and the ecological scenario. Pp. 253-271 in Grandcolas, P. (ed.) The origin of biodiversity in insects: phylogenetic tests of evolutionary scenarios. Mém. Mus. nat. Hist. nat. 173. [Japanese translation, with minor differences: pp. 182-200 in T. Yasuda (ed.): Biology of Microlepidoptera, 1998].
  59. Kristensen, N.P. 1997b. The ground plan and basal diversification of the hexapods. Pp. 281-293 in Fortey, R. A. & Thomas, R. H. (eds) Arthropod Relationships. Chapman & Hall, London.
  60. N.P. Kristensen (ed.) (in press). Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies 1. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York.
  61. Kristensen, N.P. (in press). Historical account. Pp. 1-5 in [60].
  62. Kristensen, N.P. & Skalski, A.W. (in press). Palaeontology and phylogeny. Pp. 7-25 in [60].
  63. Carter, D.J. & Kristensen, N.P. (in press). Classification and keys to higher taxa. Pp. 27-40 in [60].
  64. Kristensen, N.P. (in press). The non-glossatan Moths. Pp. 41-49 in [60].
  65. Kristensen, N.P. (in press). The homoneurous Glossata. Pp 51-63 in [60].
  66. Dugdale, J.S., Kristensen, N.P., Robinson, G.S. & Scoble, M.J. (in press). The Yponomeutoidea. Pp 120-130 in [60].
  67. Gentili, P., Horak, M., Kristensen, N.P. & Nielsen, E.S. (in press). The Cossoidea and Sesioidea. Pp. 181-197 in [60].
  68. Dugdale, J.S., Kristensen, N.P., Robinson, G.S. & Scoble, M.J. (in press). The smaller microlepidoptera-grade superfamilies. Pp. 217-232 in [60].
  69. Kristensen, N.P. (in press). Lepidoptera of the World: Status and perspectives of the inventory of a major insect order. In K.C. Kim (ed.) Biodiversity and Taxonomy of Terrestrial Arthropods. Universal Book Services, Leiden (MS 37 pp. + figs + tabs).
  70. Kristensen, N.P. & Nielsen, E.S. (in prep.). Heterobathmia valvifer n.sp.: A moth with large apparent 'ovipositor valves' (Lepidoptera, Heterobathmiidae).
  71. Deleted
  72. Kristensen, N.P. (in prep.). Rediscovery of Nematocentropus omeiensis, with a reassessement of the ground plan of the Neopseustidae (Lepidoptera).
  73. Krenn, H.W. & Kristensen, N.P. (in prep.). Early evolution of the lepidopteran proboscis: integumental morphology of the galea in primitive moths.
  74. Kristensen, N.P. (in prep.). 'Deutocerebral loop': A peculiar brain configuration repeatedly evolved in primitive Amphiesmenoptera.
  75. Kristensen, N.P. (in prep.). Skeleto-muscular anatomy: adults. For N.P. Kristensen (ed.) Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies 2. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology.
  76. Kristensen, N.P. (in prep.). Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms.

    77.  

    VERNER MICHELSEN
  77. Michelsen, V. 1996a. Neodiptera: New insights into the adult morphology and higher level phylogeny of Diptera (Insecta). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 71-102.
  78. Michelsen, V. 1996b. First reliable record of a fossil species of Anthomyiidae (Diptera), with comments on the definition of recent and fossil clades in phylogenetic classification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 58: 441-451.
  79. Michelsen, V. 1997a. A revised interpretation of the mouthparts in adult fleas (Insecta, Siphonaptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 235: 217-223.
  80. Michelsen, V. 1997b. The Anthomyiidae (Diptera) described by C.R.W. Wiedemann. Steenstrupia 23: 37-41.
  81. Eilenberg, J. & Michelsen, V. (in press). Natural occurrence and host range of the genus Strongwellsea (Zygomycota: Entomophthorales) in Denmark. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.
  82. Michelsen, V. & Merz, B. (in press). Anthomyiidae, pp. 303-307 in 'Check list of the Diptera of Switzerland’.
  83. Michelsen, V. (in press). The skeletomusculature of the mosquito’s head (Diptera: Culicidae): a critical assessment of previous observations and interpretations. Abstract of oral presentation for the 'Fourth International Congress of Dipterology’ to be held in Oxford, September 1998.
  84. Michelsen, V. (in prep.). A comparative study of the adult head in Boreus and Panorpa - a morphological assessment of the alleged closest relationship between fleas (Siphonaptera) and boreid Mecoptera.

  

  1. Coddington, J.A. & Scharff, N. 1996. Problems with "soft" polytomies. Cladistics 12: 139-145.
  2. Nielsen, C., Scharff, N. & Eibye-Jacobsen, D. 1996. Cladistic analysis of the animal kingdom. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 57: 385-410.
  3. Scharff, N. & Langemark, S. 1997. Hvepseedderkoppen, Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli) i Danmark (Araneae; Araneidae) [Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli) in Denmark (Araneae; Araneidae)]. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 65(4): 179-182.
  4. Scharff, N. & Coddington, J.A. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120: 355-434.
  5. Coddington, J.A., Hormiga, G., & Scharff, N. 1997. Giant female or dwarf male spiders? Nature 385: 687-688.
  6. Griswold, C., Coddington, J.A., Hormiga, G. & Scharff, N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae, Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 123: 1-99.
  7. Gajdos, P., Toft, S., Langemark, S., Scharff, N. (in prep.). The fishing spider, Dolomedes (Araneae, Pisauridae), in Denmark.

 

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