List of Western Palearctic bird species migrating within Africa

(last updated March 2004)*

This list includes all Western Palearctic breeding bird species that migrate within Africa. Western Palearctic species are those described in Snow and Perrins (1998) as regular breeders within the Western Palearctic. Africa is taken to include island groups in its vicinity, e.g. the Canaries, the Cape Verde, the Madeira, the Sao Tomé and the Socotra group. The list is based mainly on the information found in Curry-Lindahl (1981), Snow and Perrins (1998) and del Hoyo et al. (1992-2002) with additional information from the Birds of Africa series (Brown et al. 1982, Urban et al. 1986, Fry et al. 1988, Keith et al. 1992, Urban et al. 1997, Fry et al. 2000) and Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993). Latin names were taken from Snow and Perrins (1998), while English names were taken from both Snow and Perrins (1998) and del Hoyo et al. (1992-2002). Alternative and proposed new English names are put in brackets (see also Appendix in Snow & Perrins 1998).

Two categorical entries follow each species. Please note that these categorical entries are based on a somewhat subjective judgment as to where the categories should be dividing a phenomenon that is essentially continuous. For example, the first categorical entry indicates whether the species has been breeding in Africa with any kind of regularity but excludes those species with a single or few breeding attempts. The second categorical entry indicates whether at least part of a species' population migrates to the sub-Saharan region or not. Migration is defined as some regular movement between breeding and non-breeding areas of at least a part of a species' population, even if it only involves a relatively short-distance (~100km). Regular migration thus excludes dispersal and vagrancy, such as occasional or rare records of a species because every migratory species includes some individuals that get disoriented and lost. For example, it is probable that every migratory sandpiper will eventually be recorded in Africa. However, to include every Western Palearctic sandpiper species (e.g. Calidris maritima which is occasionally recorded in N Africa, see Curry-Lindahl 1981) in this list would not make much sense.

While most species were easy to define and categorise, there were a few cases that were ambiguous or needed some explanation, and the comments for these species are found below this list. Researchers should also always refer to the original sources if in doubt about the precise status of a species. Please send any comments or suggestions about this list to bawalther@snm.ku.dk

Using these categories in the list below, the following summary table can be constructed:

	breed Africa	not Africa	sub-Saharan	not sub-Sah.	total
non-passerine species	125	90	165	50	215
passerine species	72	56	75	53	128
total	197	146	240	103	343

Thus, of a total of 343 species of Western Palearctic species migrating within Africa, 215 species (63%) are non-passerines, 146 species (43%) breed outside of Africa, and 240 species (70%) migrate to the sub-Saharan region.

Species list

The species order of Snow and Perrins (1998) is adopted for this list.

Latin name	English name	breeding in Africa	migrating to sub-Saharan region
Gavia immer	Great Northern Diver	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Tachybaptus ruficollis	Little Grebe	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Podiceps cristatus	Great Crested Grebe	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Podiceps grisegena	Red-necked Grebe	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Podiceps auritus	Slavonian Grebe (Horned Grebe)	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Podiceps nigricollis	Black-necked Grebe	breeding	non sub-Saharan^1)
Bulweria bulwerii	Bulwer's Petrel	breeding	sub-Saharan
Calonectris diomedea	Cory´s Shearwater	breeding	sub-Saharan
Calonectris edwardsii	Cape Verde Shearwater	breeding	sub-Saharan
Puffinus puffinus^2)	Manx Shearwater	breeding	sub-Saharan
Puffinus mauretanicus^2)	Balearic Shearwater	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Puffinus yelkouan^2)	Yelkouan Shearwater	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Puffinus assimilis	Little Shearwater	breeding	sub-Saharan
Pelagodroma marina	White-faced Storm-petrel	breeding	sub-Saharan
Hydrobates pelagicus	(European) Storm Petrel	breeding	sub-Saharan
Oceanodroma leucorhoa	Leach´s Storm-petrel	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Oceanodroma castro	Madeiran Storm-petrel	breeding	sub-Saharan
Phaethon aethereus	Red-billed Tropicbird	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sula leucogaster	Brown Booby	breeding	sub-Saharan
Morus bassanus	(Northern) Gannet	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Phalacrocorax carbo	(Great) Cormorant	breeding	sub-Saharan
Phalacrocorax aristotelis	(European) Shag	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Pelecanus onocrotalus	(Great) White Pelican	breeding	sub-Saharan^3)
Pelecanus crispus	Dalmatian Pelican	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Fregata magnificens	Magnificent Frigatebird	breeding	sub-Saharan
Botaurus stellaris	(Eurasian) Bittern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Ixobrychus minutus	Little Bittern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Nycticorax nycticorax	(Black-crowned) Night Heron	breeding	sub-Saharan
Ardeola ralloides	Squacco Heron	breeding	sub-Saharan
Bubulcus ibis	Cattle Egret	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Egretta gularis	Western Reef Heron	breeding	sub-Saharan^4)
Egretta garzetta	Little Egret	breeding	sub-Saharan
Egretta alba	Great (White) Egret	breeding	sub-Saharan
Ardea cinerea	Grey Heron	breeding	sub-Saharan
Ardea purpurea	Purple Heron	breeding	sub-Saharan
Ciconia nigra	Black Stork	breeding	sub-Saharan
Ciconia ciconia	(European) White Stork	breeding	sub-Saharan
Plegadis falcinellus	Glossy Ibis	breeding	sub-Saharan
Geronticus eremita	(Northern) Bald Ibis (Waldrapp)	breeding	sub-Saharan^5)
Platalea leucorodia	(Eurasian) Spoonbill	breeding	sub-Saharan
Phoenicopterus ruber	Greater Flamingo	breeding	sub-Saharan
Anser fabalis	Bean Goose	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Anser albifrons	White-fronted Goose	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Anser anser	Greylag Goose	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Tadorna ferruginea	Ruddy Shelduck	breeding	non sub-Saharan^6)
Tadorna tadorna	(Common) Shelduck	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Anas penelope	(Eurasian) Wigeon	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Anas strepera	Gadwall	breeding	sub-Saharan
Anas crecca	(Common) Teal	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	breeding	sub-Saharan
Anas acuta	(Common) Pintail	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Anas querquedula	Garganey	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Anas clypeata	(Northern) Shoveler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Marmaronetta angustirostris	Marbled Teal (Duck)	breeding	sub-Saharan
Netta rufina	Red-crested Pochard	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Aythya ferina	(Common) Pochard	breeding	sub-Saharan
Aythya nyroca	Ferruginous Duck	breeding	sub-Saharan
Aythya fuligula	Tufted Duck	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Melanitta nigra	Common Scoter (Black Scoter)	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Mergus serrator	Red-breasted Merganser	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Oxyura leucocephala	White-headed Duck	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Pernis apivorus	(European) Honey Buzzard	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Elanus caeruleus	Black-winged Kite	breeding	sub-Saharan^7)
Milvus migrans	Black Kite	breeding	sub-Saharan
Milvus milvus	Red Kite	breeding	non sub-Saharan^8)
Neophron percnopterus	Egyptian Vulture	breeding	sub-Saharan
Gyps fulvus	(Eurasian) Griffon Vulture	breeding	sub-Saharan
Aegypius monachus	(Europian) Black Vulture	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Circaetus gallicus	Short-toed Eagle	breeding	sub-Saharan
Circus aeruginosus	(Western) Marsh Harrier	breeding	sub-Saharan
Circus cyaneus	Hen Harrier	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Circus macrourus	Pallid Harrier	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Circus pygargus	Montagu´s Harrier	breeding	sub-Saharan
Accipiter gentilis	(Northern) Goshawk	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Accipiter nisus	(Eurasian) Sparrowhawk	breeding	sub-Saharan
Accipiter brevipes	Levant Sparrowhawk	non-breeding	sub-Saharan^9)
Buteo buteo	(Common) Buzzard	breeding	sub-Saharan
Buteo rufinus	Long-legged Buzzard	breeding	sub-Saharan
Aquila pomarina	Lesser Spotted Eagle	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Aquila clanga	(Greater) Spotted Eagle	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Aquila nipalensis^10)	Steppe Eagle	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Aquila heliaca^11)	(Eastern) Imperial Eagle	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Hieraaetus pennatus	Booted Eagle	breeding	sub-Saharan
Pandion haliaetus	Osprey	breeding	sub-Saharan
Falco naumanni	Lesser Kestrel	breeding	sub-Saharan
Falco tinnunculus	(Common) Kestrel	breeding	sub-Saharan
Falco vespertinus	Red-footed Falcon	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Falco columbarius	Merlin	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Falco subbuteo	(Eurasian) Hobby	breeding	sub-Saharan
Falco eleonorae	Eleonora´s Falcon	breeding	sub-Saharan
Falco concolor	Sooty Falcon	breeding	sub-Saharan
Falco biarmicus	Lanner (Falcon)	breeding	sub-Saharan^12)
Falco cherrug	Saker (Falcon)	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Falco peregrinus	Peregrine (Falcon)	breeding	sub-Saharan
Coturnix coturnix	(Common) Quail	breeding	sub-Saharan
Rallus aquaticus	Water Rail	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Porzana porzana	Spotted Crake	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Porzana parva	Little Crake	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Porzana pusilla	Baillon´s Crake	breeding	sub-Saharan^13)
Crex crex	Corncrake	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Gallinula chloropus	(Common) Moorhen	breeding	sub-Saharan
Fulica atra	(Eurasian) Coot	breeding	sub-Saharan
Grus grus	(Common) Crane	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Anthropoides virgo	Demoiselle Crane	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Tetrax tetrax	Little Bustard	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Chlamydotis macqueenii^14)	Macqueen's Bustard	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Haematopus ostralegus	(Eurasian) Oystercatcher	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Himantopus himantopus	Black-winged Stilt	breeding	sub-Saharan
Recurvirostra avosetta	(Pied) Avocet	breeding	sub-Saharan
Dromas ardeola	Crab Plover	breeding	sub-Saharan
Burhinus oedicnemus	Stone Curlew	breeding	sub-Saharan
Cursorius cursor	Cream-coloured Courser	breeding	sub-Saharan
Glareola pratincola	Collared Pratincole	breeding	sub-Saharan
Glareola nordmanni	Black-winged Pratincole	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Charadrius dubius	Little Ringed Plover	breeding	sub-Saharan
Charadrius hiaticula	(Common) Ringed Plover	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Charadrius alexandrinus	Kentish Plover	breeding	sub-Saharan
Charadrius leschenaultii	Greater Sand Plover	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Charadrius asiaticus	Caspian Plover	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Charadrius morinellus	(Eurasian) Dotterel	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Pluvialis apricaria	(European) Golden Plover	non-breeding	sub-Saharan^15)
Pluvialis squatarola	Grey Plover	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Vanellus spinosus	Spur-winged Plover (Lapwing)	breeding	non sub-Saharan^16)
Vanellus gregarius	Sociable Plover (Lapwing)	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Vanellus leucurus	White-tailed Plover (Lapwing)	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Vanellus vanellus	(Northern) Lapwing	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Calidris alba	Sanderling	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Calidris minuta	Little Stint	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Calidris temminckii	Temminck´s Stint	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Calidris alpina	Dunlin	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Limicola falcinellus	Broad-billed Sandpiper	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Philomachus pugnax	Ruff	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Lymnocryptes minimus	Jack Snipe	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Gallinago gallinago	(Common) Snipe	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Gallinago media	Great Snipe	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Scolopax rusticola	(Eurasian) Woodcock	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Limosa limosa	Black-tailed Godwit	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Limosa lapponica	Bar-tailed Godwit	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Numenius tenuirostris^17)	Slender-billed Curlew	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Numenius arquata	(Eurasian) Curlew	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Tringa erythropus	Spotted Redshank	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Tringa totanus	(Common) Redshank	breeding	sub-Saharan
Tringa stagnatilis	Marsh Sandpiper	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Tringa nebularia	(Common) Greenshank	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Tringa ochropus	Green Sandpiper	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Tringa glareola	Wood Sandpiper	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Xenus cinereus	Terek Sandpiper	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Actitis hypoleucos	Common Sandpiper	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Arenaria interpres	(Ruddy) Turnstone	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Phalaropus lobatus	Red-necked Phalarope	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Phalaropus fulicarius	Grey Phalarope (Red Phalarope)	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Stercorarius pomarinus	Pomarine Skua (Jaeger)	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Stercorarius parasiticus	Arctic Skua (Parasitic Jaeger)	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Stercorarius longicaudus	Long-tailed Skua (Jaeger)	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Catharacta skua	Great Skua	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus hemprichii	Sooty Gull	breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus leucophthalmus	White-eyed Gull	breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus ichthyaetus	Great Black-headed Gull	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus melanocephalus	Mediterranean Gull	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Larus minutus	Little Gull	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Larus sabini	Sabine's Gull	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus ridibundus	Black-headed Gull	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus genei	Slender-billed Gull	breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus audouinii	Audouin's Gull	breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus canus	Common Gull (Mew Gull)	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Larus fuscus	Lesser Black-backed Gull	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus cachinnans	Yellow-legged Gull	breeding	sub-Saharan
Larus armenicus	Armenian Gull	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Larus marinus	Great Black-backed Gull	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Rissa tridactyla	(Black-legged) Kittiwake	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Gelochelidon nilotica	Gull-billed Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna caspia	Caspian Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna maxima	Royal Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna bergii	Swift Tern (Greater Crested Tern)	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna bengalensis	Lesser Crested Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna sandvicensis	Sandwich Tern	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna dougallii	Roseate Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna hirundo	Common Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna paradisaea	Arctic Tern	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna repressa	White-cheeked Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna anaethetus	Bridled Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna albifrons	Little Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sterna saundersi	Saunders´ (Little) Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Chlidonias hybrida^18)	Whiskered Tern	breeding	sub-Saharan
Chlidonias niger	Black Tern	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Chlidonias leucopterus	White-winged (Black) Tern	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Alca torda	Razorbill	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Fratercula arctica	(Atlantic) Puffin	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Pterocles coronatus	Crowned Sandgrouse	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Pterocles senegallus	Spotted Sandgrouse	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Pterocles alchata	Pin-tailed Sandgrouse	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Columba oenas	Stock Dove	breeding	non sub-Saharan^19)
Columba palumbus	(Common) Woodpigeon	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Streptopelia turtur	(European) Turtle Dove	breeding	sub-Saharan
Clamator glandarius	Great Spotted Cuckoo	breeding	sub-Saharan
Cuculus canorus	(Common) Cuckoo	breeding	sub-Saharan
Otus scops	(European) Scops Owl	breeding	sub-Saharan
Asio otus	Long-eared Owl	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Asio flammeus	Short-eared Owl	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Caprimulgus europaeus	(European) Nightjar	breeding	sub-Saharan
Caprimulgus ruficollis	Red-necked Nightjar	breeding	sub-Saharan
Caprimulgus aegyptius	Egyptian Nightjar	breeding	sub-Saharan
Tachymarptis melba	Alpine Swift	breeding	sub-Saharan
Apus unicolor	Plain Swift	breeding	non sub-Saharan^20)
Apus apus	(Common) Swift	breeding	sub-Saharan
Apus pallidus	Pallid Swift	breeding	sub-Saharan
Apus caffer	White-rumped Swift	breeding	sub-Saharan^21)
Apus affinis	Little Swift	breeding	sub-Saharan
Alcedo atthis	(Common) Kingfisher	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Merops persicus	Blue-cheeked Bee-eater	breeding	sub-Saharan
Merops apiaster	(European) Bee-eater	breeding	sub-Saharan
Coracias garrulus	(European) Roller	breeding	sub-Saharan
Upupa epops	(Eurasian) Hoopoe	breeding	sub-Saharan
Jynx torquilla	(Eurasian) Wryneck	breeding	sub-Saharan
Melanocorypha calandra	Calandra Lark	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Melanocorypha bimaculata	Bimaculated Lark	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Calandrella brachydactyla	(Greater) Short-toed Lark	breeding	sub-Saharan
Calandrella rufescens	Lesser Short-toed Lark	breeding	non sub-Saharan^22)
Lullula arborea	Woodlark	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Alauda arvensis	(Eurasian) Skylark	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Eremophila bilopha	Temminck's (Horned) Lark	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Riparia riparia	Sand Martin (Bank Swallow)	breeding	sub-Saharan
Hirundo fuligula	(African) Rock-Martin	breeding	sub-Saharan
Hirundo rupestris	(Eurasian) Crag-Martin	breeding	sub-Saharan
Hirundo rustica	(Barn) Swallow	breeding	sub-Saharan
Hirundo daurica	Red-rumped Swallow	breeding	sub-Saharan
Delichon urbica	(Common) House-Martin	breeding	sub-Saharan
Anthus novaeseelandiae	Richard's Pipit	breeding	non sub-Saharan^23)
Anthus campestris	Tawny Pipit	breeding	sub-Saharan
Anthus trivialis	Tree Pipit	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Anthus pratensis	Meadow Pipit	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Anthus cervinus	Red-throated Pipit	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Anthus spinoletta^24)	Water Pipit	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Anthus petrosus^24)	Rock Pipit	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Motacilla flava	Yellow Wagtail	breeding	sub-Saharan
Motacilla cinerea	Grey Wagtail	breeding	sub-Saharan
Motacilla alba	White Wagtail	breeding	sub-Saharan
Prunella modularis	Dunnock	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Prunella collaris	Alpine Accentor	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Cercotrichas galactotes	Rufous-tailed Scrub-Robin	breeding	sub-Saharan
Erithacus rubecula	(European) Robin	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Luscinia luscinia	Thrush Nightingale	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Luscinia megarhynchos	(Common) Nightingale	breeding	sub-Saharan
Luscinia svecica	Bluethroat	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Irania gutturalis	White-throated Robin	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Phoenicurus ochruros	Black Redstart	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Phoenicurus phoenicurus	(Common) Redstart	breeding	sub-Saharan
Phoenicurus moussieri	Moussier's Redstart	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Saxicola rubetra	Whinchat	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Saxicola torquata	(Common) Stonechat	breeding	sub-Saharan
Oenanthe isabellina	Isabelline Wheatear	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Oenanthe oenanthe	(Northern) Wheatear	breeding	sub-Saharan
Oenanthe pleschanka	Pied Wheatear	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Oenanthe cypriaca	Cyprus Wheatear	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Oenanthe hispanica	Black-eared Wheatear	breeding	sub-Saharan
Oenanthe deserti	Desert Wheatear	breeding	sub-Saharan
Oenanthe finschii	Finsch´s Wheatear	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Oenanthe xanthoprymna	(Rufous-) Red-tailed Wheatear	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Oenanthe lugens	Mourning Wheatear	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Monticola saxatilis	(Rufous-tailed) Rock-Thrush	breeding	sub-Saharan
Monticola solitarius	Blue Rock-Thrush	breeding	sub-Saharan
Turdus torquatus	Ring Ouzel	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Turdus merula	(Common) Blackbird	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Turdus pilaris	Fieldfare	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Turdus philomelos	Song Thrush	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Turdus iliacus	Redwing	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Turdus viscivorus	Mistle Thrush	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Cettia cetti	Cetti's Warbler	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Locustella naevia	(Common) Grasshopper Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Locustella fluviatilis	(Eurasian) River Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Locustella luscinioides	Savi's Warbler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Acrocephalus melanopogon	Moustached Warbler	breeding	non sub-Saharan^25)
Acrocephalus paludicola	Aquatic Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus	Sedge Warbler	non-breeding^26)	sub-Saharan
Acrocephalus palustris	Marsh Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Acrocephalus scirpaceus	(Eurasian) Reed-Warbler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Acrocephalus arundinaceus	Great Reed-Warbler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Acrocephalus griseldis	Basra Reed-Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Hippolais pallida	Olivaceous Warbler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Hippolais languida	Upcher's Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Hippolais olivetorum	Olive-Tree Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Hippolais icterina	Icterine Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Hippolais polyglotta	Melodious Warbler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia sarda	Marmora's Warbler	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Sylvia undata	Dartford Warbler	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Sylvia deserticola	Tristam's Warbler	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Sylvia conspicillata	Spectacled Warbler	breeding	non sub-Saharan^27)
Sylvia cantillans	Subalpine Warbler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia mystacea	Ménétries's Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia melanocephala	Sardinian Warbler	breeding	non sub-Saharan^27)
Sylvia melanothorax	Cyprus Warbler	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan^28)
Sylvia rueppelli	Rüppell's Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia nana	Desert Warbler	breeding	non sub-Saharan^27)
Sylvia hortensis	Orphean Warbler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia nisoria	Barred Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia curruca	Lesser Whitethroat	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia communis	(Common/Greater) Whitethroat	breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia borin	Garden Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Sylvia atricapilla	Blackcap	breeding	sub-Saharan
Phylloscopus bonelli^29)	(Western) Bonelli´s Warbler	breeding	sub-Saharan
Phylloscopus orientalis^29)	Eastern Bonelli's Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Phylloscopus sibilatrix	Wood Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Phylloscopus collybita^30)	(Eurasian/Common) Chiffchaff	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Phylloscopus ibericus^30, 31)	Iberian Chiffchaff	breeding	sub-Saharan
Phylloscopus trochilus	Willow Warbler	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Regulus regulus	Goldcrest	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Regulus ignicapilla^31)	Firecrest	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Muscicapa striata	Spotted Flycatcher	breeding	sub-Saharan
Ficedula parva	Red-breasted Flycatcher	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan^32)
Ficedula semitorquata	Semi-collared Flycatcher	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Ficedula albicollis	Collared Flycatcher	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Ficedula hypoleuca^33)	(European) Pied Flycatcher	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Remiz pendulinus	(Eurasian) Penduline Tit	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Anthreptes platurus	Pygmy Sunbird	breeding	sub-Saharan
Anthreptes metallicus	Nile Valley Sunbird	breeding	sub-Saharan
Nectarinia osea	Palestine Sunbird	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Oriolus oriolus	(Eurasian) Golden-Oriole	breeding	sub-Saharan
Lanius isabellinus	(Isabelline) Rufous-tailed Shrike	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Lanius collurio	Red-backed Shrike	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Lanius minor	Lesser Grey Shrike	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Lanius meridionalis^34)	Southern Grey Shrike	breeding	sub-Saharan
Lanius senator	Woodchat Shrike	breeding	sub-Saharan
Lanius nubicus	Masked Shrike	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Corvus frugilegus	Rook	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Sturnus vulgaris	(Common) Starling	breeding	non sub-Saharan^35)
Passer hispaniolensis	Spanish Sparrow	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Passer montanus	(Eurasian) Tree Sparrow	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Carpospiza brachydactyla	Pale Rock-Finch (Sparrow)	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Fringilla coelebs	(Common) Chaffinch	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Fringilla montifringilla	Brambling	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Serinus serinus	(European) Serin	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Carduelis chloris	Greenfinch	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Carduelis carduelis	Goldfinch	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Carduelis spinus	(Eurasian) Siskin	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Carduelis cannabina	(European) Linnet	breeding	non sub-Saharan^36)
Coccothraustes coccothraustes	Hawfinch	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Emberiza cia	Rock Bunting	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Emberiza cineracea	Cinereous Bunting	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Emberiza hortulana	Ortolan Bunting	non-breeding	sub-Saharan
Emberiza caesia	Cretzschmar's Bunting	non-breeding	non sub-Saharan
Emberiza schoeniclus	(Common) Reed Bunting	breeding	non sub-Saharan
Miliaria calandra	Corn Bunting	breeding	non sub-Saharan

Comments

1) Black-necked Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis): Recorded from Lake Chad, Sudan, Uganda (Curry-Lindahl 1981), Nigeria (Fry 1981), and Cameroon (Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993), but no regular migration to sub-Saharan region has been observed.

2) Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), Balearic Shearwater (P. mauretanicus), Yelkouan Shearwater (P. yelkouan): P. puffinus was recently split into the aforementioned three species (Snow & Perrins 1998, Sangster et al. 2002).

3) Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus): European populations most likely migrate south via Israel and Egypt, overwintering in Egypt and probably further south in Sudan where presence masked by large resident populations; also recorded in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia (Curry-Lindahl 1981, Snow & Perrins 1998, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002). See also Crivelli (1991).

4) Western Reef Heron (Egretta gularis), as defined in Snow & Perrins (1998), includes both E. garzetta gularis (W Africa) and E. g. schistacea (E Africa) as defined in del Hoyo et al. (1992-2002). Both African races breed in the Southern extremities of the Western Palearctic, and are likely to migrate along coastline to sub-Saharan region.

5) Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita): Eastern populations migrated to Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopa, Sudan, and Somalia, while Western populations mostly winter in Morocco, but sometimes move further south, having been recorded in the Spanish Sahara, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Cape Verde Islands (Curry-Lindahl 1981, Brown et al. 1982, Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993, Pegoraro 1996, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002).

6) Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea): Sub-Saharan records in Sudan and Kenya could originate either from Western Palearctic populations or breeding population in Ethiopian highlands (Ash 1977, Curry-Lindahl 1981), therefore assumed that Palearctic populations do not migrate to sub-Saharan region until further evidence is presented.

7) Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus): Nomadic, ranging widely throughout range in search of prey (Snow & Perrins 1998, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002). Also indicated as short-distance migrant in Tunisia (Snow & Perrins 1998).

8) Red Kite (Milvus milvus): Recorded south of Sahara as vagrant in The Gambia, Mauritania, and Sudan (Dowsett and Forbes-Watson 1993), but no regular migration to sub-Saharan region has been observed. S African record (e.g. del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002) rejected by Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993).

9) Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes): Absent from breeding areas in winter, and migration over Bospurus and E Black Sea and in Turkey and Israel well-documented, but presumed African winter quarters essentially unknown (Snow & Perrins 1998, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002), although Curry-Lindahl (1981) wrote that species winters in Egypt and had also been recorded in Tunisia, Niger, Sudan, Zaire and Tanzania. Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) list the species as passage migrant in Sudan, Ethiopia, and Djibouti and as vagrant in Zaire, Kenya and Tanzania. One specimen each from Congo (Wattel 1967) and Uganda (Pearson 1986).

10) Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis): A. rapax was recently split into the mostly sedentary Tawny Eagle (A. rapax) and the migratory Steppe Eagle (A. nipalensis) (Snow & Perrins 1998, Sangster et al. 2002).

11) Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca): A. heliaca was recently split into the sedentary Spanish Imperial Eagle (A. adalberti) and the partially migratory Eastern Imperial Eagle (A. heliaca) (Snow & Perrins 1998, Sangster et al. 2002).

12) Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicus): Local N-S migrant in W Africa, and extensive and seasonal movements in Africa indicated by ringing recoveries and local concentrations in response to high prey abundance (Brown et al. 1982, van Zyl et al. 1994, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002). Also probably absent from desert areas where it can only feed on birds during migratory periods (Jany 1960, Snow & Perrins 1998). Also indicated as short-distance migrant in Egypt (Snow & Perrins 1998). Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) list the species as passage migrant in Mali, Sudan, and Djibouti and as vagrant in Liberia, Gabon, and Congo.

13) Baillon´s Crake (Porzana pusilla): Most European birds probably overwinter in sub-Saharan region, but their winter distribution is poorly known because of secretive behaviour and close resemblance to resident population (Benson 1964, Snow & Perrins 1998, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002). Only records of European birds from Senegal, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Angola, Zambia, Madeira, and the Canaries are regarded as acceptable (Curry-Lindahl 1981, Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002).

14) Macqueen's Bustard (Chlamydotis macqueeni): C. undulata was recently split into the sedentary or dispersive Houbara Bustard (C. undulata) and the migratory Macqueen's Bustard (C. macqueeni) (Snow & Perrins 1998, Knox et al. 2002).

15) European Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria): Recorded in São Tomé, Gabon (Curry-Lindahl 1981) and The Gambia (Snow & Perrins 1998), and listed as passage migrant in Mauritania and as vagrant in Senegal and Sierra Leone (Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993), but no regular migration to sub-Saharan region has been observed.

16) Spur-winged Plover (Vanellus spinosus): Absent from European and Middle Eastern breeding areas in winter, but destination in Africa unclear because presence masked by large resident populations (Snow & Perrins 1998, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002).

17) Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris): Perhaps nesting in steppelands of SE Russia and NW Kazakhstan (Snow & Perrins 1998), therefore included as Western Palearctic species. See also Gretton (1991).

18) Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybrida): Know et al. (2002) pointed out that the correct scientific name for the Whiskered Tern is hybrida, not hybridus.

19) Stock Dove (Columba oenas): Curry-Lindahl (1981) writes that the species winters in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, while no such mention is made in Snow and Perrins (1998) and del Hoyo et al. (1992-2002). Urban et al. (1986) also mention a few North African winter records outside small breeding range in Morocco.

20) Plain Swift (Apus unicolor): Since numbers reduced on Canary Islands during the winter, and some winter records from Mauritania and N Morocco (Fry et al. 1988, del Hoyo et al. 1992-2002), part of population believed to winter in NW Africa. However, some may even migrate further south, but have not been identified because of difficulty of field identification.

21) White-rumped Swift (Apus caffer): Since small populations in Morocco and Spain absent in winter (Fry et al. 1988, Snow & Perrins 1998), assumed to migrate to sub-Saharan region where most of population is found.

22) Lesser Short-toed Lark (Calandrella rufescens): Rarely occurs in Mauritania (Keith et al.1992, accepted by Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993) and in grasslands in N Nigeria (Keith et al.1992, rejected by Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993), but no regular migration to sub-Saharan region has been observed.

23) Richard's Pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae): Keith et al. (1992) write that some Palearctic migrants occur in N Africa, especially Egypt, but that the further extent of migration is unclear. Apparently Palearctic birds were recorded in Mauritania and Mali (Keith et al. 1992, Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993).

24) Water Pipit (Anthus spinoletta), Rock Pipit (A. petrosus): A. spinoletta was recently split into the aforementioned two species (Snow & Perrins 1998, Sangster et al. 2002).

25) Moustached Warbler (Acrocephalus melanopogon): While birds migrate through and overwinter on the African coast of the Mediterranean (and have even been recorded in appropriate habitats further south in the Sahara), all sub-Saharan records (Grote 1928, Schouteden 1955, Salvan 1968) are doubtful because of lack of confirmation (Cramp 1992, Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993, Urban et al. 1997).

26) Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus): While Curry-Lindahl (1981) wrote that the species is "breeding in Algeria", Snow and Perrins (1998) wrote that the species only bred in the early 1900s at Lake Fetzara in NE Algeria, and Urban et al.(1997) do not list the species as breeding in Africa.

27) Spectacled Warbler (Sylvia conspicillata), Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melanocephala), Desert Warbler (Sylvia nana): Shirihai et al. (2001) indicate that these species sometimes migrate a little beyond the southern edge of the Sahara.

28) Cyprus Warbler (Sylvia melanothorax): Shirihai et al. (2001) indicate that this warbler migrates along the Red Sea coast through Egypt, Sudan and into Eritrea and possibly Ethiopia. However, further southward migration possible as little is known about this species.

29) Western Bonelli´s Warbler (Phylloscopus bonelli), Eastern Bonelli´s Warbler (P. orientalis): P. bonelli was recently split into the aforementioned two species (Snow & Perrins 1998, Sangster et al. 2002).

30) Common Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), Iberian Chiffchaff (P. ibericus, not brehmii, see 29): P. collybita was recently split into the aforementioned two species plus the Canary Island Chiffchaff (P. canariensis) and the Mountain Chiffchaff (P. sindianus) (Sangster et al. 2002).

31) Iberian Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus ibericus), Firecrest (Regulus ignicapilla): Know et al. (2002) pointed out that the correct scientific names for the Iberian Chiffchaff and the Firecrest are ibericus and ignicapilla, respectively, and not brehmii and ignicapillus.

32) Red-breasted Flycatcher (Ficedula parva): Diesselhorst (1971) and Moreau (1972) suggested that a few individuals may winter in West Africa, but this suggestion was not substantiated as no regular winter and spring records for sub-Saharan region have emerged (Cramp & Perrins 1993). About a dozen African records (Gatter 1972) as well as one N Sudan and two Senegal records (Urban et al. 1997) were probably vagrants, especially because most birds were juveniles (Gatter 1972). All birds recorded on the African coast of the Mediterranean are now presumed to migrate eastwards to their Asian wintering grounds (or are disoriented).

33) European Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca): Sætre et al. (2001) recently published molecular evidence suggesting that F. hypoleuca should be split into the European Pied Flycatcher (F. hypoleuca) which only breeds in Europe and the Atlas Flycatcher (F. speculigera) which only breeds in N Africa. Both appear to migrate to the sub-Saharan region (Cramp & Perrins 1993).

34) Southern Grey Shrike (Lanius meridionalis): L. excubitor was recently split into the Great Grey Shrike (L. excubitor) and the Southern Grey Shrike (L. meridionalis) (Snow & Perrins 1998, Sangster et al. 2002).

35) Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris): Jitschin (1938) reported one bird banded in Poland and recovered in Ethiopia (also marked on map 178 in Curry-Lindahl 1981), but this record almost certainly constitutes a vagrant. Fry et al. (2000) report vagrants in Mauritania, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Somalia.

36) European Linnet (Carduelis cannabina): During winter, some populations move south along Western Atlantic coastline, and vagrants have been reported in Mauritania, Senegal and Sudan (Dowsett & Forbes-Watson 1993, Cramp & Perrins 1994), but no regular migration to sub-Saharan region has been observed.

Note on additional species

While Moreau (1972) and Curry-Lindahl (1981) both reported that Blyth´s Pipit (Anthus godlewskii) had been recorded at Lake Chad (described in White 1957), Keith et al. (1992) write that it "would appear to have been a local race of A. novaeseelandiae". Also, Moreau (1972) and Curry-Lindahl (1981) reported that Blyth's Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus dumetorum) had been recorded in several African areas (e.g. by Smith 1964, Fry et al. 1974). However, it is now generally believed that these records resulted from confusion of A. dumetorum with the African Reed Warbler A. baeticatus (Diesselhorst 1965, Clancey 1975, Ash et al. 1989, Cramp 1992, Urban et al. 1997). Seems like Blyth´s birds are not welcome in Africa!

Western Palearctic populations of the Clamorous Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus stentoreus) are chiefly resident or dispersive (Urban et al. 1997, Snow & Perrins 1998). The resident population along the Red Sea coast of Africa is attributed to the race A. s. brunnescens (type locality in India), but there does not appear to be any evidence that migratory Asian races mix with the resident race in Eritrea (R. Dowsett, pers. commun.), as suggested by Smith (1961) and Curry-Lindahl (1981).

For further rejected species, see page 282 in Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993).

Acknowledgments

I thank Robert Dowsett who commented on an earlier version of this list.

*Citation

The contents of this webpage should be cited as:

Walther BA 2004. List of Western Palearctic bird species migrating within Africa

(last updated March 2004). Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen.

http://www.zmuc.dk/verweb/staff/bawalther/migratoryBirdsList.htm

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